Environmental Toxins - what they are and how to mitigate their effects?
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Human-made chemicals are widespread in our environment. Many readily make their way into our bodies, where some of them accumulate and can cause disease. Reputable sources report that more than 400 of these chemicals can be found in human samples, showing just how common exposure is. (https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/resources/national-exposure-report.html ) While the effects on health vary, some chemicals are especially problematic. In this article, we’ll look at some of the most common and concerning environmental chemicals impacting our health.
Let’s start with some definitions. Strictly speaking, toxins are harmful substances produced naturally by living organisms like bacteria, plants, or animals. Although the term "toxins" is commonly used, it doesn’t fully encompass the range of substances relevant to our discussion. In this and the following articles, we will explore both toxins and xenobiotics—chemicals, whether man-made or naturally occurring, that can accumulate in our bodies. For simplicity, we will use the term "toxins" broadly to refer to both natural toxins and xenobiotics.
When these compounds reach certain concentrations, they can become harmful—illustrating the principle that the dose makes the poison. Continuous exposure can lead to the accumulation of these substances in our bodies, disrupting metabolic and systemic functions and potentially leading to disease. The gut, immune, neurological, endocrine, and reproductive systems are particularly vulnerable, which may result in conditions such as immune dysfunction (including allergies and autoimmunity), asthma, cancers, cognitive deficits, mood changes, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, glucose dysregulation, and more. Children and pregnant women are especially susceptible to the effects of xenobiotics and toxins, as their organs are still developing.
Xenobiotics and toxins are commonly present in our food, air, water, soil, supplements, medications, household items, personal care products, and more. These harmful environmental chemicals can affect our bodies through multiple mechanisms and can enter via various routes.
In our 3-part series on toxins, we’ll explore the most common ones.
In the first article, we shall cover: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, and Halides
In the second article we will focus on Heavy Metals, Metalloestrogens, Antibiotics, and Mycotoxins
In our third article we will look at Low Tox Living Options
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system releases and regulates hormones, which are vital for the proper function of nearly every organ in the body. These hormones control essential processes such as metabolism (the conversion of food into energy), growth and development, immune response, sexual characteristics, and reproduction.
Brief History of EDCs Research
Public awareness of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) first emerged in the 1960s, when research highlighted the harmful effects of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides. Studies revealed the significant impact these chemicals had on the reproduction of predatory birds in areas of heavy agrochemical use in the U.S. This research eventually led to the banning of DDT and similar substances in the 1980s. Research into endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) gained significant traction in the late 1980s and early 1990s, following the discovery that hormone-disrupting chemicals leaching from plastic tubes were causing breast cancer cells to multiply rapidly. This finding spurred further investigation into the broader health impacts of EDCs and raised concerns about their widespread presence in everyday materials. Since then, a wide range of man-made chemicals, with estimates ranging between 140 and 1000, have been studied and reported to affect the endocrine system in humans and animals.
What Kind of Problems Can EDCs Cause
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) function as "imposter hormones" by binding to receptor sites meant for natural hormones. This interference tricks the body into responding to these chemicals as if they were genuine hormones. As a result, EDCs can cause an imbalance in hormone levels, either by increasing or decreasing the production or release of natural hormones. They can also disrupt the transport of hormones, redirecting them away from their intended targets and impairing their functions. Additionally, EDCs can affect how natural hormones are broken down, stored, or eliminated from the body.
EDC’s have been linked to a wide range of health issues, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, thyroid disorders, immune dysfunction, and various cancers, particularly breast and testicular cancer. They can also contribute to growth and bone abnormalities, early puberty, sexual development problems, reproductive issues, and conditions like endometriosis. By disrupting the body's delicate hormonal balance, EDCs can impact physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being.
Growing and developing organisms are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of EDCs, thus it is even more important to minimise exposure to these chemicals for expectant mothers and young children, because their organ systems are still maturing and are more susceptible to disruptions caused by EDCs.
Individuals with certain genetic predispositions are at a higher risk of developing diseases associated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Specific genomic testing can identify these increased risks. With this information, individuals can make more informed decisions about managing their exposure to EDCs and take proactive steps to protect their health. If you are interested in assessing your risk, Real Wellth offers genomic testing for some of the most common genes linked with EDCs.
In addition, EDCs can cause changes in gene expression or epigenetic modifications that may be passed down to future generations. These changes can affect how genes are turned on or off, potentially leading to health issues in offspring. Amongst others, they have been shown to increase susceptibility to obesity. ( Ref: PMID: 34829943, PMID: 28842957)
Where Can EDCs Be Found and How Can you Reduce Your exposure to EDCs?
These chemicals are present in many everyday items, including plastics, food packaging, cleaning products, personal care items, pesticides, and other commonly used products.
Common examples and concerns associated with EDC’s:
Bisphenol A (BPA)
BPA is found in plastics, food and drink containers, and thermal paper receipts (cash register printed receipts). BPA can mimic estrogen and disrupt normal hormonal function.
In 2012, BPA was partially banned in New Zealand, specifically prohibiting its use in baby products. Due to public demand, many manufacturers have voluntarily transitioned to BPA-free alternatives for other plastic products. However, the safety of these BPA substitutes remains uncertain, as their potential health impacts are not yet fully understood.
To reduce exposure to BPA, we recommend:
Avoid plastic containers wherever possible, particularly for re-heating or freezing foods, as BPA leaks into food under these conditions- heat is of particular concern. Use stainless steel, or glass containers instead.
Choose food cans and other products labeled as “BPA free”
Avoid plastics marked with recycling codes 3 (PVC), 6 (PS), or 7 (other), as these may contain BPA.
Limit the use of cash register receipts- wherever possible, opt for a digital receipt
Avoid using plastic food wraps “clingfilm”. Choose alternatives like beeswax wraps, parchment paper, or safe containers.
Examples of BPA and Phthalate products:
Phthalates
Primarily used as plasticizers to make plastics more durable, flexible, and transparent. They are found in a wide-range of products, including food packaging, children's toys, vinyl flooring, and many household items. They are also common in artificial fragrances, where they function as solvents and help the products adhere better to the skin. Thus they are frequently part of scented personal care and cleaning products and air fresheners. Phthalates can disrupt reproductive hormones and are associated with developmental and reproductive health issues.
To reduce exposure to phthalates, we recommend:
Avoid Scented Products, labeled as "phthalate-free" or "fragrance-free": Phthalates are often used to stabilize scents. Choose unscented or naturally scented personal-care, cleaning, and other household/ car products, including shampoos, washes, lotions, deodorants, perfumes, cosmetics, air fresheners, candles, laundry detergents, etc.
Avoid PVC Plastics: Phthalates are commonly found in PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastics, which are marked with the recycling code 3. Opt for alternatives like glass, stainless steel, silicone, or safer plastics (codes 1, 2, 4, and 5).
Be cautious with food packaging: Avoid food packaged in plastic, especially fatty or oily foods, as phthalates can leach from the packaging. Use glass, stainless steel, or ceramic containers, especially for hot foods and beverages.
Check labels on children's products: When buying toys, teethers, or other children's items, look for products labeled as "phthalate-free." Regulations have reduced phthalate use in children's products, but it's still good to check.
Limit use of Vinyl Products: Minimize exposure to vinyl products like shower curtains, vinyl flooring, and synthetic leather, which may contain phthalates. Choose alternatives made from safer materials like fabric, natural wood, or leather.
Ventilate Your Home: Ensure good ventilation, as phthalates can off-gas from household items. Regularly airing out your living space can help reduce exposure.
Use Phthalate-Free Medical Supplies: If possible, request phthalate-free medical supplies, especially for long-term use items like IV bags and tubing.
Parabens
Preservatives are used in cosmetics, personal care products, some foods and beverages, and some pharmaceuticals. Parabens can mimic estrogen and are associated with reproductive health concerns. They also affect the microbiome, as they have antimicrobial properties.
To reduce exposure to parabens, we recommend:
reading labels, and choosing products labeled “paraben-free”.
Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
PFAS are used in a variety of products, including non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, sealants and adhesives, cleaning products, and food packaging, such as microwave popcorn bags, fast-food wrappers, and pizza boxes. Known as "forever chemicals," PFAS are highly persistent in the environment and do not break down easily, remaining for decades. These substances can accumulate in living organisms, leading to higher concentrations up the food chain. Exposure to PFAS has been associated with disruptions in thyroid and reproductive hormones, as well as other health issues.
To reduce exposure to PFAS, we recommend:
Avoid nonstick cookware like Teflon. Opt for alternatives such as stainless steel, cast iron, glass, or ceramic.
Water-Resistant Clothing and Gear: Look for items labeled as PFAS-free.
Stain-Resistant Fabrics and Carpets: Avoid stain-resistant treatments on carpets, upholstery, and clothing.
Avoid letting infants and toddlers lie or crawl directly on surfaces treated with PFA. Instead, use a blanket or a sheet made from natural materials like cotton or wool.
Food Packaging: Avoid food packaged in materials with grease-resistant coatings, such as microwave popcorn bags, fast-food wrappers, and pizza boxes. Make popcorn in a pan with a lid. Choose plant-based packaging instead.
Use personal protective equipment when using PFAS containing products, such as sealants, adhesives and carpet cleaners.
Examples of PFAS products:
Flame Retardants (e.g., PBDEs, OPFRs)
Flame retardants are chemicals applied to materials to reduce their flammability and help prevent or slow the spread of fire. Some flame retardants are linked to health concerns, including endocrine disruption, neurological effects, and potential cancer risks. These chemicals are in many household items ranging from furniture, electronics, foam mattresses, household textiles, such as carpets, curtains, and upholstery, as well as some personal textiles, including some children’s sleepwear and workwear. They can interfere with thyroid hormones and are linked to neurodevelopmental issues.
To reduce exposure to harmful flame retardants, we recommend:
Opt for furniture, textiles, and electronics labeled as “free of flame retardants”, or “free from harmful chemicals”. Look for products with natural materials like wool, cotton, bamboo, linen or hemp which are naturally flame-resistant. Look for certifications like OEKO-TEX, GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard), or GREENGUARD.
Dust and vacuum your home regularly using a HEPA filter vacuum to reduce dust that may contain flame retardants. Wet mopping and wiping surfaces can also help minimize dust buildup.
Avoid eating on flame-retardant-treated surfaces and wash your before eating, to reduce ingestion of flame retardants that settle on surfaces and dust.
Prevent, or minimise contact for infants and toddlers on flame-retardant-treated surfaces. Avoid letting infants and toddlers lie or crawl directly on surfaces treated with flame retardants. Instead, use a blanket or a sheet made from natural materials like cotton or wool.
Ensure good ventilation in your home to reduce indoor air pollution. Open windows and use air purifiers with HEPA filters to help remove airborne particles.
Cover or replace any ripped or damaged foam cushions to prevent exposure to the chemicals inside.
Examples of Flame retardants products
Pesticides (e.g., DDT, glyphosate, atrazine, etc.)
Widely used in agriculture, pesticides can have widespread negative effects on health. Some pesticides can act as endocrine disruptors, impacting reproductive and developmental health.
DDT: Banned in New Zealand in 1989, DDT remains a persistent organic pollutant with a long half-life, which allows it to accumulate in the food chain. Traces of DDT can still be found in farmed meat—especially from drought-prone areas— as well as in wildlife, continuing to pose environmental and health risks.
Glyphosate (“Round-up”): Research has suggested that glyphosate may negatively impact hormone systems, including effects on thyroid and reproductive hormones in animal models. For a more detailed exploration of these and other potential health impacts of this widely used herbicide, please read our blog about glyphosate. blog about glyphosate
Glyphosate: Understanding the Risks and Pushing for Change
To reduce exposure to pesticides, we recommend:
Choose spray-free or organic products wherever possible
Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables under running water to remove pesticide residues. Using a brush on produce with thicker skins can also help.
White vinegar, which is a weak acid, can help remove some pesticide residues (use a weak solution- approximately 1 tablespoon/ 1 L of water & soak your fruit and vegetables in it for 10 min), or use a commercially produced washes, designed to remove pesticide residues.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Industrial chemicals, which used to be frequently used in electrical equipment, lubricants, adhesives and sealants, and building materials. They were banned in NZ in 1980's, but persist in the environment and accumulate in animal fat. PCBs can disrupt thyroid hormone function and are linked to cancer.
To reduce exposure to PCBs, we recommend:
If you have old electrical equipment or building materials, ensure they are tested for PCBs and managed according to safety regulations.
When purchasing new electrical equipment or construction materials, opt for products certified as “PCB-free”.
Dioxins
Highly toxic byproducts of industrial processes, including waste incineration and chemical manufacturing. They also occur in volcanic eruptions. Dioxins can interfere with reproductive and immune systems and disrupt hormone signaling. They have also been linked to cancer, immune suppression, and developmental problems.
To reduce exposure to dioxins, we recommend:
In NZ, industrial dioxin emissions are strictly regulated
Follow regulations for the disposal of industrial and household waste to minimize dioxin release into the environment- don’t burn non-organic rubbish at home.
Heavy Metals (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium)
Found in contaminated water, food, and certain industrial products. Heavy metals can disrupt multiple endocrine pathways- we will cover this in more detail in a future dedicated article.
Triclosan
An antimicrobial agent found in some “antibacterial” soaps, toothpaste, and other personal care products. Triclosan can affect thyroid hormone function, so is technically an EDC, as well as an antibiotic. It is thought to contribute to antibiotic resistance.
To reduce exposure to triclosan, we recommend:
We suggest avoiding products containing triclosan, such as “antibacterial” soaps, washes and other personal care products.
Halides
Halides are a group of chemical compounds that contain a halogen element—such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine—bonded to another element, typically a metal or a hydrogen atom. Halides are commonly found in nature and have a wide range of uses in industry, medicine, and everyday products. However, some halides can interfere with the body’s endocrine system, particularly the thyroid gland, by disrupting iodine uptake, which is essential for thyroid hormone production.
Exposure to halides has been associated with several health risks, including developmental and reproductive issues, thyroid dysfunction, and potentially cancer. While there is evidence suggesting that halides can be linked to serious health concerns, such as cancer and reproductive problems, the causal relationship has not been fully established. On the other hand, halides also offer significant benefits, particularly in public health contexts. For example, fluoridated water is believed to prevent tooth decay, particularly in low-income areas, while chlorine plays a crucial role in preventing bacterial contamination in water, thus preventing serious water-acquired diseases.
As with most xenobiotics, it is important for individuals to be aware of the sources of halides in their environment and take steps to minimise their exposure. This can include choosing natural cleaning products, avoiding processed foods with added halides and investing in air and water filtration systems.
Common examples and concerns associated with halides:
Fluoride (Fluorine):
Sources: Found in drinking water (due to water fluoridation), toothpaste, and other dental treatments.
Concerns: High levels of fluoride can interfere with thyroid function, bone- and teeth development (a condition called fluorosis). It has also been linked with a range of other health problems. As with most things health-related, balance is the key.
Water fluoridation remains a highly controversial issue in New Zealand. We believe that the decision to use fluoridated water should be a matter of personal choice. In regions like Dunedin, where the town water supply is fluoridated, individuals have the option to filter their water and adopt alternative oral hygiene practices if they prefer. For more information on this topic, readers may find the following article of interest: https://fluoridefree.org.nz/dr-colquhoun/
2. Chloride (Chlorine):
Sources: Used in disinfectants, water treatment, cleaning products (bleach).
Concerns: While essential in small amounts for the body’s electrolyte balance, excessive exposure to chlorine and its byproducts in drinking water or from swimming pools can have potential health impacts, including respiratory and skin irritation.
may have negative effect on microbiota (gut, skin, etc.)
similar to fluoride
3. Bromide (Bromine):
Sources: Found in flame retardants, some pesticides, certain medications, and as a fumigant in agriculture.
Concerns: Bromide can compete with iodine in the body, disrupting thyroid function and potentially leading to thyroid hormone imbalances.
4. Iodide (Iodine):
Sources: Essential for thyroid health and brain development of the foetus. It is found in iodized salt, seafood and supplements.
Concerns: Excessive intake of iodine can disrupt thyroid function. Unlike other halides, iodine is generally beneficial and necessary, but balance is key.
Important Final Note
As we've discussed, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are common and found in many everyday products. While their effects can be serious, reducing your risk is actually quite simple by following the guidelines we've outlined. Plus, many of these steps bring additional health and environmental benefits! By making these positive changes, we can improve both our health and the environment. Remember, chronic stress can also disrupt hormones and affect your well-being, so try not to worry too much. Focus on what you can change, and find peace in accepting what you can't.
References:
https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/resources/national-exposure-report.html
https://pce.parliament.nz/publications/endocrine-disrupting-chemicals-in-aotearoa-new-zealand/
https://www.amazon.com.au/Count-Down-Threatening-Reproductive-Development-ebook/dp/B084G9MMVH
https://www.ewg.org/consumer-guides/ewgs-guide-endocrine-disruptors
https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/edcs
https://www.buildingbiology.com.au/allergens/hormone-disrupting-chemical-in-household-products.html
Recommended reading
If you’d like to find out more about this fascinating topic, consider the following books;
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-environmental-toxins-can-impact-your-health